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Mouth infections, also known as oral infections, are a group of infections that occur around the oral cavity. They include dental infection , dental abscess , and Ludwig's angina . Mouth infections typically originate from dental caries at the root of molars and premolars that spread to adjacent structures.
Illustration showing influenza virus attaching to cell membrane via the surface protein hemagglutinin. Hemagglutinins (alternatively spelt haemagglutinin, from the Greek haima, 'blood' + Latin gluten, 'glue') are homotrimeric glycoproteins present on the protein capsids of viruses in the Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families.
Blood-streaked sputum –an indicator of possible inflammation of the throat (larynx and/or trachea) or bronchi; lung cancer; other bleeding erosions, ulcers, or tumors of the lower airway. Pink sputum – it indicates sputum evenly mixed with blood from alveoli and/or small peripheral bronchi as is seen in potential pulmonary edema.
Life-cycle of a typical virus (left to right); following infection of a cell by a single virus, hundreds of offspring are released. When a virus infects a cell, the virus forces it to make thousands more viruses. It does this by making the cell copy the virus's DNA or RNA, making viral proteins, which all assemble to form new virus particles. [37]
This primes the subsequent destruction of the virus by the enzymes of the cell's proteosome system. [155] Two rotaviruses: the one on the right is coated with antibodies that prevent its attachment to cells and infecting them. A second defence of vertebrates against viruses is called cell-mediated immunity and involves immune cells known as T ...
After binding, the virus is internalized into the cell by an endosome that contains the virion inside it. The endosome is acidified by cellular vATPase [31] to have lower pH, which triggers a conformational change in HA that allows fusion of the viral envelope with the endosomal membrane. [32]
It binds to molecules on the surface of cells called receptors and drives the entry of the virus into the cell. [43] VP4 has to be modified by the protease enzyme trypsin, which is found in the gut, into VP5* and VP8* before the virus is infectious. [44] VP4 determines how virulent the virus is and it determines the P-type of the virus. [45]
As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.