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The most current theory is a result of a recent study that suggests it is caused by a pegivirus, referred to as Theiler's disease-associated virus (TDAV). [2] Eight horses that had received prophylactic botulinum antitoxin and developed subsequent signs of Theiler's disease were subjected to a test for a viral infection based on RNA sequencing techniques.
The signs that occur with EHV-1 and the EHM strain may include the following: decreased coordination, urine dribbling, fever, hind limb weakness, leaning against things to maintain balance, and lethargy. [5].Some horses may be asymptomatic upon infection increasing the difficulty in controlling the spread of the virus.
The virus causing EVA was first identified following an outbreak of respiratory disease and spontaneous abortion on a horse farm in Ohio in 1953. [5] The first outbreak of EVA in the UK was in 1993. The outbreak affected six premises and around 100 horses were infected. Further spread of the virus was prevented by movement restrictions. [11]
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African horse sickness is related to bluetongue and is spread by the same midges (Culicoides species). It can kill the horses it infects and mortality may go as high as 90% of the infected horses during an epidemic. [58] Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus is closely related and crossreacts with Bluetongue virus on many blood tests.
Replication cycle of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) This subacute form of the disease has an incubation period longer than that of the pulmonary form. Signs of disease start at day 7–12 after infection. High fever is a common symptom. The disease also manifests as conjunctivitis, with abdominal pain and progressive dyspnea.
An equine behaviourist said warning signs included ‘pinned ears, tense facial muscles, swishing tails or shifting weight’. An equine behaviourist said warning signs included ‘pinned ears ...
Middelburg virus (MIDV) is an alphavirus of the Old World Group that has likely endemic and zoonotic potential. [1] It is of the viral family Togaviridae. It was isolated from mosquitos in 1957 in South Africa, MDIV antigens have now been found in livestock, horses, and humans. [1] Image of a horse that could possibly be affected by MIDV.