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Distal 18q- is a genetic condition caused by a deletion of genetic material within one of the two copies of chromosome 18. [1] The deletion involves the distal section of 18q and typically extends to the tip of the long arm of chromosome 18.
Ring 18 causes a wide range of medical and developmental concerns. [3] As discussed above, people with ring 18 can have features of both distal 18q- and 18p-. The features of distal 18q- and 18p- vary greatly because of the variability of the deletion size and breakpoint locations between people. [4] Because ring 18 can involve unique deletions of both the p and q arms of the chromosome there ...
Breast pain is the symptom of discomfort in either one or both breasts. [2] Pain in both breasts is often described as breast tenderness, is usually associated with the menstrual period and is not serious. [1][3] Pain that involves only one part of a breast is more concerning, [1] particularly if a hard mass or nipple discharge is also present.
Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome 18. [3] Many parts of the body are affected. [3]
Fibrocystic breast changes is a condition of the breasts where there may be pain, breast cysts, and breast masses. [1] The breasts may be described as "lumpy" or "doughy". [3] Symptoms may worsen during certain parts of the menstrual cycle due to hormonal stimulation. [1] These are normal breast changes, not associated with cancer. [2] Risk factors include an early age at first menstrual ...
Papillomatosis of the breast (PB) is a rare, benign, epitheliosis-like lesion, i.e. an overgrowth of the cells lining the ducts of glands that resembles a papilla (i.e. small rounded protuberance) or nipple -like nodule/tumor. PB tumors develop in the apocrine glands of the breast. [ 1 ][ 2 ] PB is also termed juvenile papillomatosis because of ...
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Effects of menopause can include symptoms such as hot flashes, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle mass, and complications such as osteoporosis (bone loss), sexual ...
Post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is used to describe persistent neuropathic pain that follows breast surgery, such as mastectomy and lumpectomy. [3] PMPS manifests as pain in the arm, axilla, chest wall, and breast region. PMPS can be caused by a direct nerve injury, indirect nerve injury, or by the development of scar tissue or a traumatic ...