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Historically, the hadal zone was not recognized as distinct from the abyssal zone, although the deepest sections were sometimes called "ultra-abyssal".During the early 1950s, the Danish Galathea II and Soviet Vityaz expeditions separately discovered a distinct shift in the life at depths of 6,000–7,000 m (20,000–23,000 ft) not recognized by the broad definition of the abyssal zone.
Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis, or the hadal snailfish, is a species of snailfish from the hadal zone of the Northwest Pacific Ocean, [1] including the Kuril–Kamchatka and Japan Trenches. [ 2 ] In October 2008, a team from British and Japanese institutes discovered a shoal of Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis at a depth of about 7,700 m (25,300 ft ...
Hadal zone sediments have a remarkably high amount of bacteria as compared to nearby abyssal ecosystems. [6] It is notable that not all species found in the hadal zone are solely adapted to the high pressure and low temperature hadal environment, and can be cultured outside of these conditions. [17]
The abyssal zone or abyssopelagic zone is a layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean. The word abyss comes from the Greek word ἄβυσσος ( ábussos ), meaning "bottomless". [ 1 ] At depths of 4,000–6,000 m (13,000–20,000 ft), [ 2 ] this zone remains in perpetual darkness.
The hadal zone (named after Hades, the Greek god of the underworld) is a zone designated for the deepest trenches in the world, reaching depths of below 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). The deepest point in the hadal zone is the Marianas Trench, which descends to 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) and has a pressure of 110 megapascals (1,100 atm; 16,000 psi).
In general, the snailfish (notably genus Pseudoliparis) is the most common and dominant family in the hadal zone. [4] Pseudoliparis belyaevi is a marine and deep-sea species which inhabits depths exceeding 6,000 meters that was described from a single specimen from 6380–7587 m in the Japan Trench. [9]
Image credits: Kineticwizzy #15. Italy didn’t have widespread use of the tomato until the 1700s and the pasta sauces we think of being a core of their cuisine didn’t exist until the 19th century.
Below this zone, the deep sea consists of the abyssal zone (ocean depth between 3-6 km, 1.8-3.6 mi) [14] and the hadal zone (6-11 km, 3.6-7 mi). [15] [16] Food consists of falling organic matter known as 'marine snow' and carcasses derived from the productive zone above, and is scarce both in terms of spatial and temporal distribution. [17]