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  2. Association fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_fallacy

    The association fallacy is a formal logical fallacy that asserts that properties of one thing must also be properties of another thing if both things belong to the same group. For example, a fallacious arguer may claim that "bears are animals, and bears are dangerous; therefore your dog, which is also an animal, must be dangerous."

  3. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    Example 3. In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect. For example: Children that watch a lot of TV are the most violent. Clearly, TV makes children more violent. This could easily be the other way round; that is, violent children like watching more TV than less violent ones. Example 4

  4. Unincorporated association - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_association

    An unincorporated association may dissolve for many reasons, including a decision by the members to wind it up or a court order. In addition, an association may sometimes dissolve spontaneously. One such case is where the purpose of the association becomes impossible to fulfil (e.g., if it was to raise funds for a school that goes out of ...

  5. Illusory correlation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_correlation

    A false association may be formed because rare or novel occurrences are more salient and therefore tend to capture one's attention. [1] This phenomenon is one way stereotypes form and endure. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Hamilton & Rose (1980) found that stereotypes can lead people to expect certain groups and traits to fit together, and then to overestimate ...

  6. Association (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(psychology)

    Association in psychology refers to a mental connection between concepts, events, or mental states that usually stems from specific experiences. [1] Associations are seen throughout several schools of thought in psychology including behaviorism , associationism , psychoanalysis , social psychology , and structuralism .

  7. Internal validity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_validity

    For example, sex, weight, hair, eye, and skin color, personality, mental capabilities, and physical abilities, but also attitudes like motivation or willingness to participate. During the selection step of the research study, if an unequal number of test subjects have similar subject-related variables there is a threat to the internal validity.

  8. Professional liability insurance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_liability...

    However, various professional services and products can give rise to legal claims without causing any of the specific types of harm covered by such policies. Common claims that professional liability insurance covers are negligence, misrepresentation, violation of good faith, and inaccurate advice. Examples:

  9. Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_inter-insurance...

    A reciprocal inter-insurance exchange or simply a reciprocal in the United States is an unincorporated association in which subscribers exchange insurance policies to pool and spread risk. For consumers, reciprocal exchanges often offer similar policies to those offered by a stock company or a mutual insurance company.