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Most theorists identify Schramm's model with his 1954 book The process and effects of mass communication and present it as a reaction to earlier models developed in the late 1940s. [2] [3] [15] However, marketing scholar Jim Blythe argues that Schramm's model is of earlier origin and was already present in Schramm's 1949 [a] book Mass ...
Schramm's model of communication is one of the earliest interaction models of communication. [ 30 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] It was published by Wilbur Schramm in 1954 as a response to and an improvement over linear transmission models of communication, such as Lasswell's model and the Shannon–Weaver model. [ 111 ]
Wilbur Lang Schramm (August 5, 1907 – December 27, 1987) was an American scholar and "authority on mass communications". [1] He founded the Iowa Writers' Workshop in 1936 and served as its first director until 1941.
He is known for his work on uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Project, as well as for founding the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A graduate of the University of South Dakota and University of Minnesota , Lawrence obtained a PhD in physics at Yale in 1925.
[4] [5] Later, Wilbur Schramm introduced a model that identified multiple variables in communication which includes the transmitter, encoding, media, decoding, and receiver. [6] In Berlo's SMCR model, the sender is one who sends the message, the receiver receives the message, which is transmitted through the channel where disturbances might ...
The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the earliest models of communication. [2] [3] [4] It was initially published by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". [5] The model was further developed together with Warren Weaver in their co-authored 1949 book The Mathematical Theory of Communication.
The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic "cloud" of electrons. Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries.
The first theory, the emission theory, was supported by such thinkers as Euclid and Ptolemy, who believed that sight worked by the eye emitting rays of light. The second theory, the intromission theory supported by Aristotle and his followers, had physical forms entering the eye from an object.