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Pregnancy when coupled with domestic violence is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) where health risks may be amplified. Abuse during pregnancy , whether physical, verbal or emotional, produces many adverse physical and psychological effects for both the mother and fetus.
More than two-thirds of males who commit or attempt homicide against a partner used alcohol, drugs, or both during the incident; less than one-fourth of the victims did. The lower the household income, the higher the reported intimate partner violence rates. Intimate partner violence impairs a woman's capacity to find employment.
Straus explains that the "discrepancy between the behavior and the cognitive appraisal of the behavior is important for understanding family violence and for designing programs of prevention and treatment. However, it is possible to identify the discrepancy only if there is an instrument such as the CTS which obtains the behavioral data." [18]
Domestic sexual violence, such as forced sex or marital rape, may follow or be part of physical abuse, but is not always the case. In Mexico and the United States , studies estimate that 40–52% of women experiencing physical violence by an intimate partner have also been sexually coerced by that partner.
Battered woman syndrome (BWS) is a pattern of signs and symptoms displayed by a woman who has suffered persistent intimate partner violence—psychological, physical, or sexual—from her partner (usually male). [1] [2] It is classified in the ICD-9 (code 995.81) as battered person syndrome, [2] but is not in the DSM-5. [2]
Reproductive coercion and unintended pregnancy are strongly associated, and this association is stronger in individuals who have experienced intimate partner violence. [1] While research remains fragmentary, women in abusive relationships are at higher risk of reproductive coercion and unintended pregnancies.
The feminist theory underlying the Duluth model is that men use violence within relationships to exercise abusive power and control.The curriculum "is designed to be used within a community using its institutions to diminish the power of batterers over their victims and to explore with each abusive man the intent and source of his violence and the possibilities for change through seeking a ...
The abusive relationship that forms between a woman and her healthcare providers as a result of abuse during childbirth often leads to the woman developing a general mistrust in healthcare services. Furthermore, consequences can be extended to include a reluctance to seek pre-natal care , medical assistance during childbirth, and other health ...