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The muscle bulks that move each finger may be partly blended, and the tendons may be attached to each other by a net of fibrous tissue, preventing completely free movement. Although each finger seems to move independently, moving one finger also moves the other fingers slightly which is called finger interdependence or finger enslaving.
Some sources also state that the triceps surae and extensor hallucis longus invert. [6]: 123 Inversion occurs at the subtalar joint and transverse tarsal joint. [7] Eversion of the foot occurs at the subtalar joint. The muscles involved in this include fibularis longus and fibularis brevis, which are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve.
Limb development is controlled by Hox genes. All jawed vertebrates surveyed so far organize their developing limb buds in a similar way. Growth occurs from proximal to distal part of the limb. On the distal end, the differentiation of skeletal elements occurs in an apical ectodermal ridge (AER) which expands in rays.
Examples include a movement of the knee, where the lower leg changes angle compared to the femur, or movements of the ankle. [2] The study of movement in the human body is known as kinesiology. [4] A categoric list of movements and the muscles involved can be found at list of movements of the human body.
The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its structural type. Movement types are generally paired, with one being the opposite of the other. Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: upright stance, with upper limbs to the side of body and palms facing forward. [11]
Animation illustrating the concept of motor redundancy: the motor action of bringing the finger in contact with a point in space can be achieved using a wide variety of limb configurations. Motor redundancy is a widely used concept in kinesiology and motor control which states that, for any task the human body can perform, there are effectively ...
The lumbrical innervation always follows the innervation pattern of the associated muscle unit of flexor digitorum profundus (i.e. if the muscle units supplying the tendon to the middle finger are innervated by the median nerve, the second lumbrical will also be innervated by the median nerve). [6]
The mechanical linkages between the limbs and trunk is important for the stabilization of multi-limb coordination movements. In return, the CNS will receive information of mechanical state of the limbs and trunk as it interacts with the environment through somatosensory feedback from the periphery. [9]