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The Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME) protocol is a communications protocol for automating interactions between certificate authorities and their users' servers, allowing the automated deployment of public key infrastructure at very low cost.
In public key infrastructure (PKI) systems, a certificate signing request (CSR or certification request) is a message sent from an applicant to a certificate authority of the public key infrastructure (PKI) in order to apply for a digital identity certificate. The CSR usually contains the public key for which the certificate should be issued ...
Similarly to the Certificate Management Protocol (CMP), it can be used for obtaining X.509 digital certificates in a public key infrastructure (PKI). CMS is one of two protocols utilizing the Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF), described in RFC 4211, with the other protocol being CMP.
PEM data is commonly stored in files with a ".pem" suffix, a ".cer" or ".crt" suffix (for certificates), or a ".key" suffix (for public or private keys). [3] The label inside a PEM file represents the type of the data more accurately than the file suffix, since many different types of data can be saved in a ".pem" file.
In practice, a web site operator obtains a certificate by applying to a certificate authority with a certificate signing request. The certificate request is an electronic document that contains the web site name, company information and the public key. The certificate provider signs the request, thus producing a public certificate.
The OCSP request format supports additional extensions. This enables extensive customization to a particular PKI scheme. OCSP can be vulnerable to replay attacks , [ 12 ] where a signed, 'good' response is captured by a malicious intermediary and replayed to the client at a later date after the subject certificate may have been revoked.
PKCS #7 files may be stored both as raw DER format or as PEM format. PEM format is the same as DER format but wrapped inside Base64 encoding and sandwiched in between ‑‑‑‑‑BEGIN PKCS7‑‑‑‑‑ and ‑‑‑‑‑END PKCS7‑‑‑‑‑. Windows uses the .p7b file name extension [6] for both these encodings.
The format of these certificates is specified by the X.509 or EMV standard. One particularly common use for certificate authorities is to sign certificates used in HTTPS, the secure browsing protocol for the World Wide Web. Another common use is in issuing identity cards by national governments for use in electronically signing documents.