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They are ossicles composed of calcite microcrystals found on the aboral (upper) surface of the animal. Their stalks emerge from the body wall and their umbrella-like crowns, each fringed with short spines, meet edge-to-edge forming a protective external false skin.
Scleral rings may help support inner structures of the eye, especially in animals that do not have round eyes. Animals that move rapidly, including both fast flying birds and fast swimming fish have the most robust scleral rings, indicating that these thick rings are used to protect the eye during intense changes in pressure in the air and in ...
The trochlear solely innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Together, trochlear and abducens contract and relax to simultaneously direct the pupil towards an angle and depress the globe on the opposite side of the eye (e.g. looking down directs the pupil down and depresses (towards the brain) the top of the globe).
When an ossicle becomes redundant, specialised cells known as phagocytes are able to reabsorb the calcareous material. [1] All the ossicles, even those that protrude from the body wall, are covered by a thin layer of epidermis but functionally they act more like an exoskeleton than an endoskeleton.
The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are three irregular bones in the middle ear of humans and other mammals, and are among the smallest bones in the human body. . Although the term "ossicle" literally means "tiny bone" (from Latin ossiculum) and may refer to any small bone throughout the body, it typically refers specifically to the malleus, incus and stapes ("hammer, anvil, and ...
The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the mammalian middle ear, where the three middle ear bones or ossicles, namely the incus, malleus and stapes (a.k.a. "the anvil, hammer, and stirrup"), are a defining characteristic of mammals.
The relative strength of these two forces depends on how the eye is looking. When the eye is adducted (looking toward the nose), the force of depression increases. When the eye is abducted (looking away from the nose), the force of intorsion increases, while the force of depression decreases. When the eye is in the primary position (looking ...
A duochrome test is a test commonly used to refine the final sphere in refraction (undercorrection and overcorrection), which makes use of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye. Because of the chromatic aberration of the eye, the shorter wavelengths (green) are focused in front of the longer red wavelengths.