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The tolerance of DNA damage can grant cancer cells a method of resistance to those drugs which normally induce apoptosis through DNA damage. [2] [12] Other genes involved in the apoptotic pathway related drug resistance include h-ras and bcl-2/bax. [25]
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) binds to PD-1 proteins found on T cells. Pembrolizumab blocks PD-1 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. [23] It is used to treat melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma and several other types of cancer. [24] Rituximab targets CD20 found on B cells. It is used in non Hodgkin lymphoma
This protein stimulates the growth of cancer cells which are drug-resistant. [12] MicroRNAs have also been shown to affect acquired drug resistance in cancer cells and this can be used for therapeutic purposes. [13] Malaria in 2012 has become a resurgent threat in South East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium ...
Moreover, breast cancer risk is heightened following use of the combined oral contraceptive pill and combined hormone replacement therapy. [4] Armed with this evidence that endogenous and exogenous changes in estrogen and progesterone levels modulate the risk of breast cancer, it is apparent that hormones can play a key role in breast cancer.
A lower IC50 means the inhibitory effect can be met with a lower concentration of antagonist and, therefore a lower risk of toxicity. For example, the IC50 of antagonists on cancer cell growth is essential for determining the optimal dose which inhibits cancer cells while inducing less harmful systemic effects in the body. [31]
While traditional chemotherapy can effectively kill cancer cells, lack of specificity for discriminating normal cells and cancer cells in these treatments usually cause severe side effects. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RNAi can provide a more specific approach to inhibit tumor growth by targeting cancer-related genes (i.e., oncogene ...
Medical research for cancer begins much like research for any disease. In organized studies of new treatments for cancer, the pre-clinical development of drugs, devices, and techniques begins in laboratories, either with isolated cells or in small animals, most commonly rats or mice. In other cases, the proposed treatment for cancer is already ...
Cancer treatments are a wide range of treatments available for the many different types of cancer, with each cancer type needing its own specific treatment. [1] Treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy including small-molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies, [2] and PARP inhibitors such as olaparib. [3]