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In a bounded plasma, fringing electric fields can result in propagation of plasma oscillations, even when the electrons are cold. In a metal or semiconductor, the effect of the ions' periodic potential must be taken into account. This is usually done by using the electrons' effective mass in place of m.
The radiation mechanism arises from fringing fields along the radiating edges. [2] The radiation at the edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its physical dimensions, so in order for the antenna to be resonant, a length of microstrip transmission line slightly shorter than one-half the wavelength at the frequency is used
The coupling is due to fringing fields spreading from the edges of the line and intersecting adjacent lines or components. This is a desirable feature within the unit where it is made use of as part of the design. It is not desirable, however, that the fields couple to adjacent units. Modern electronic devices are usually required to be small.
Magnetic field (green) induced by a current-carrying wire winding (red) in a magnetic circuit consisting of an iron core C forming a closed loop with two air gaps G in it. In an analogy to an electric circuit, the winding acts analogously to an electric battery, providing the magnetizing field , the core pieces act like wires, and the gaps G act like resistors.
B – magnetic field in the core will be approximately constant across any cross section B F – "fringing fields". In the gaps G the magnetic field lines "bulge" out, so the field strength is less than in the core: B F < B B L – leakage flux; magnetic field lines which don't follow complete magnetic circuit
The resonant length of the antenna is slightly shorter because of the extended electric "fringing fields" which increase the electrical length of the antenna slightly. An early model of the microstrip antenna is a section of microstrip transmission line with equivalent loads on either end to represent the radiation loss.
Figure 1. Magnetic field (green) of a typical electromagnet, with the iron core C forming a closed loop with two air gaps G in it. B – magnetic field in the core B F – fringing fields; in the gaps G, the magnetic field lines bulge out, so the field strength is less than in the core: B F < B
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