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A central securities depository (CSD) is a specialized financial market infrastructure organization holding securities like shares, either in certificated or uncertificated (dematerialized) form, allowing ownership to be easily transferred through a book entry rather than by a transfer of physical certificates.
Cede and Company (also known as Cede and Co. or Cede & Co.) is a specialist United States financial institution that processes transfers of stock certificates on behalf of Depository Trust Company, the central securities depository used by the United States National Market System, which includes the New York Stock Exchange, and Nasdaq. [1]
The first is a buyout, by the majority owner, of all shares of a public corporation or holding company's stock, privatizing a publicly traded stock, and often described as private equity. The second is a demutualization of a mutual organization or cooperative to form a joint stock company. [2]
This was first described in an article by HG Manne, "Mergers and the Market for Corporate Control". [1] According to Manne: The lower the stock price, relative to what it could be with more efficient management, the more attractive the take-over becomes to those who believe that they can manage the company more efficiently.
CREST allows shareholders and bondholders to hold assets in a dematerialised, i.e. electronic form, rather than holding physical share certificates. CREST also serves a number of other important functions, such as assisting in the payments of dividends to shareholders. It is also an "electronic trade confirmation system" ("ETC") (using Trax).
On settlement, the seller must produce the security's certificate and executed share transfer form in exchange for payment from the purchaser. Many countries now dispense with the requirement that a physical stock certificate be produced, a process known as dematerialization , and have adopted electronic settlement systems.
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The Direct Registration System (DRS) A direct holding system is an arrangement for registering ownership of securities (or similar interests) whereby every final investor in the security is registered with a single entity (for example, the issuer itself, a CSD, or a registry). In some countries, the use of a direct holding system is required by ...