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In many insect species, the forewing and hindwing can be coupled together, which improves the aerodynamic efficiency of flight by joining the forewing and hindwing into one bigger wing. The most common coupling mechanism (e.g., Hymenoptera and Trichoptera ) is a row of small hooks on the forward margin of the hindwing, or " hamuli ", which lock ...
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. [ 4 ]
Rhopalosomatidae is a family of Hymenoptera containing about 68 extant species in four genera that are found worldwide. [1] Three fossil genera are known. [2] [3] Rhopalosoma poeyi female. The adults resemble ants and may be confused with them. They are yellowish with red or brown markings, but may be all brown in colour.
Hymenoptera Hymenopterida is a superorder of holometabolous (metamorphosing) insects . As originally circumscribed, it included Hymenoptera and the orders in Panorpida ( Mecoptera , Siphonaptera , Diptera , Trichoptera and Lepidoptera ). [ 1 ]
In some other insect species (e.g., Mecoptera, Lepidoptera, and some Trichoptera) the jugal lobe of the forewing covers a portion of the hindwing (jugal coupling), or the margins of the forewing and hindwing overlap broadly (amplexiform coupling), or the hindwing bristles, or frenulum, hook under the retaining structure or retinalucum on the ...
Other groups of moth have a frenulum on the hindwing that hooks under a retinaculum on the forewing. [4] The retinaculum is a hook or tuft on the underside of the forewing of some moths. Along with the frenulum, a spine at the base of the forward or costal edge of the hindwing, it forms a coupling mechanism for the front and rear wings of the moth.
The more primitive groups have an enlarged lobe-like area near the basal posterior margin, i.e. at the base of the forewing, a jugum, that folds under the hindwing in flight. [31] [33] Other groups have a frenulum on the hindwing that hooks under a retinaculum on the forewing. [33]
The Holometabola are sometimes divided into three assemblages: Neuropterida (Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Strepsiptera and Coleoptera), Hymenopteroida (Hymenoptera), and Panorpida (Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera and Mecoptera). Molecular analysis has clarified the group's phylogeny, as shown in the cladogram. [4]