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Within craniofacial disorders and abnormalities, orofacial clefts, and specifically cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) are the most common in humans. [9] Occurrences of CL/P are most often (around seventy percent of cases) isolated and nonsyndromic, meaning they are not associated with a syndrome or inherited genetic conditions.
A bifid nose (also known as cleft nose) is an uncommon congenital malformation which is characterized by the presence of a cleft between the two nostrils of the nose. [1] It is the result of a disturbance during embryological nose development. [2] It is part of the Tessier classification for craniofacial clefts. [3]
A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. [1] The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. [1] A cleft palate occurs when the palate (the roof of the mouth) contains an opening into the nose. [1] The term orofacial cleft refers to either condition
Craniofacial abnormalities are congenital musculoskeletal disorders which primarily affect the cranium and facial bones. [ 1 ] They are associated with the development of the pharyngeal arches . [ 2 ]
The most popular of these diagrams was developed by Kernahan and was called the "striped-Y diagram." It was commonly used in the era of paper-based medical records, but its usage has diminished considerably with the advent of electronic health records (EHR). Examples of various forms of pictographic notation are available. [citation needed]
The cleft associated with macrostomia is associated with improper or failed fusion of the mandibular and maxillary processes during embryonic development. [3] This can lead to a variety of abnormalities involving skin , subcutaneous tissue , facial muscles, and the mucous membrane . [ 5 ]
A medical and dental history is obtained for completeness. The medical history includes questions on the general health of the patient, to assess contraindications to treatment of jaw abnormality. Special emphasis is placed on diseases and medication which cause altered metabolism, that may affect growth and tissue reactions. [19]
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly syndrome, also known as growth delay-intellectual disability-mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly-cleft palate syndrome, mandibulofacial dysostosis, guion-almeida type, or simply as MFDM syndrome is a rare genetic disorder which is characterized by developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and craniofacial dysmorphisms.