Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Irreducible complexity (IC) is the argument that certain biological systems with multiple interacting parts would not function if one of the parts were removed, so supposedly could not have evolved by successive small modifications from earlier less complex systems through natural selection, which would need all intermediate precursor systems to have been fully functional. [1]
In 1975, the first simulation of a biological folding process using MD was published in Nature. [18] Recently, protein structure prediction [broken anchor] was significantly improved by a new machine learning method called AlphaFold. [19] Some claim that computational approaches are starting to lead the field of structural biology research. [20]
Gerard Jagers' operator theory proposes that life is a general term for the presence of the typical closures found in organisms; the typical closures are a membrane and an autocatalytic set in the cell [26] and that an organism is any system with an organisation that complies with an operator type that is at least as complex as the cell.
Light micrograph of a moss's leaf cells at 400X magnification. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: . Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death.
The theoretical foundations are summarized by thermodynamics. When biological systems are modeled as physical systems, in its most general abstraction, they are thermodynamic open systems that exhibit self-organised behavior, [16] and the set/subset relations between dissipative structures can be characterized in a hierarchy.
[17] [18] They argued further that there was a "pre-Mendelian" phase of the evolution of animals, involving physical forces, before genes took over. [ 17 ] [ 19 ] Darwinian biologists freely admit that physical factors such as surface tension can cause self-assembly , but insist that genes play a crucial role.
Random errors will affect the reproducibility and precision of the resulting structures. If the errors are systematic, the accuracy of the model will be affected. The precision indicates the degree of reproducibility of the measurement and is often expressed as the variance of the measured data set under the same conditions. The accuracy ...