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According to de Barry, the oldest circular stone millstone was unearthed in the ruins of the town of Olynthus: it was the millstone of an oil mill, not a flour mill. Historians Marie-Claire Amouretti and Georges Comet [ 17 ] point out that these millstones pre-date the earliest known examples of circular grain mills.
A cross- or square-shaped piece of metal on the top of the spindle from which the runner stone is balanced. [5] Middling See Stock Overdrift Millstones driven from above are known as Overdrift stones. Pintle The pivot centering a post mill on top of the main post. Runner Stone The Runner Stone is the topmost of a pair of millstones.
A bedstone and the rind. A millrind or simply rind is an iron support, usually four-armed or cross-shaped, for the upper ("runner") stone in a pair of millstones.. The rind is affixed to the top of the square-section main shaft or spindle and supports the entire weight of the runner stone, which can be as much as several tons.
Bread Flour. Comparing bread flour versus all-purpose flour, the former has the highest protein content of the refined wheat flours, clocking in at up to 14 percent.
The flow of grain is regulated by shaking it in a gently sloping trough (the "slipper") from which it falls into a hole in the center of the runner stone. The milled grain (flour) is collected as it emerges through the grooves in the runner stone from the outer rim of the stones and is fed down a chute to be collected in sacks on the ground or ...
Quern stones were used in China at least 10,000 years ago to grind wheat into flour. The production of flour by rubbing wheat by hand took several hours. [8] Due to their form, dimensions, and the nature of the treatment of the surfaces, they reproduce precisely the most ancient implements used for grinding cereal grain into flour.
The book received positive reviews. Tejal Rao of The New York Times praised the book, saying that it: . chronicles the history and science of bread-making in depth ("Baking is applied microbiology," one chapter begins), breaking frequently for meticulous, textbook-style tangents on flour and fermentation.
The inclusion of more bran and intact wheatgerm in the flour means that it is often credited with significant health benefits. [ 3 ] In the US, flour only has to "pass between stones" once during its manufacture to be regarded as stoneground, and it has been claimed that a significant proportion of flour sold as stoneground in the US has not ...