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This can be the result of chemical reactions, phase changes, kinetic effects, or radioactivity. [1]: 2–3 On the largest scale, planetary differentiation is a physical and chemical separation of a planet into chemically distinct regions. For example, the terrestrial planets formed iron-rich cores and silicate-rich mantles and crusts.
Badlands incised into shale at the foot of the North Caineville Plateau, Utah, within the pass carved by the Fremont River and known as the Blue Gate. G. K. Gilbert studied the landscapes of this area in great detail, forming the observational foundation for many of his studies on geomorphology. [1]
A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds, or some combination of these effects.
Biogeochemical cycle – Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts; Climate change mitigation – Actions to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change; Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere – Atmospheric constituent and greenhouse gas; Carbon sequestration – Storing carbon in a carbon pool
Carbon–oxygen bond; Carbon–hydrogen bond; Catch bond; Cation–π interaction; Cation–cation bond; Chalcogen bond; Charge-shift bond; Chemical bonding model; Chemical bonding of water; Chemical specificity; Compliance constants; Cooperative binding; Cooperativity; Coordinate covalent bond; Coordination geometry; Ligand isomerism ...
microscope image. The nominal methane clathrate hydrate composition is (CH 4) 4 (H 2 O) 23, or 1 mole of methane for every 5.75 moles of water, corresponding to 13.4% methane by mass, although the actual composition is dependent on how many methane molecules fit into the various cage structures of the water lattice.
Chemical weathering takes place when water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other chemical substances react with rock to change its composition. These reactions convert some of the original primary minerals in the rock to secondary minerals, remove other substances as solutes, and leave the most stable minerals as a chemically unchanged resistate .
Land surface effects on climate are wide-ranging and vary by region. Deforestation and exploitation of natural landscapes play a significant role. Some of these environmental changes are similar to those caused by the effects of global warming .