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In statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon.
Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.
If there is low inter-observer reliability, it is likely that the construct being observed is too ambiguous, and the observers are all imparting their own interpretations. For instance, in Donna Eder's study on peer relations and popularity for middle school girls, it was important that observers internalized a uniform definition of "friendship ...
Fleiss' kappa is a generalisation of Scott's pi statistic, [2] a statistical measure of inter-rater reliability. [3] It is also related to Cohen's kappa statistic and Youden's J statistic which may be more appropriate in certain instances. [4]
Krippendorff's alpha coefficient, [1] named after academic Klaus Krippendorff, is a statistical measure of the agreement achieved when coding a set of units of analysis.. Since the 1970s, alpha has been used in content analysis where textual units are categorized by trained readers, in counseling and survey research where experts code open-ended interview data into analyzable terms, in ...
A less-than-perfect test–retest reliability causes test–retest variability. Such variability can be caused by, for example, intra-individual variability and inter-observer variability. A measurement may be said to be repeatable when this variation is smaller than a predetermined acceptance criterion.
Reliability can be estimated using inter-observer reliability, that is, by comparing observations conducted by different researchers. [1] Intra-observer reliability means estimating the reliability of an observation using a comparison of observations conducted by the same researcher.
Bangdiwala's B statistic was created by Shrikant Bangdiwala in 1985 and is a measure of inter-rater agreement. [1] [2] While not as commonly used as the kappa statistic the B test has been used by various workers.