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More precisely, the polynomial X 2 − r is irreducible over GF(p) if and only if r is a quadratic non-residue modulo p (this is almost the definition of a quadratic non-residue). There are p − 1 / 2 quadratic non-residues modulo p. For example, 2 is a quadratic non-residue for p = 3, 5, 11, 13, ..., and 3 is a quadratic non-residue ...
The monic irreducible polynomial x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 over GF(2) is primitive, and all 8 roots are generators of GF(2 8). All GF(2 8 ) have a total of 128 generators (see Number of primitive elements ), and for a primitive polynomial, 8 of them are roots of the reducing polynomial.
The splitting field of x 2 + 1 over F 7 is F 49; the polynomial has no roots in F 7, i.e., −1 is not a square there, because 7 is not congruent to 1 modulo 4. [3] The splitting field of x 2 − 1 over F 7 is F 7 since x 2 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1) already splits into linear factors. We calculate the splitting field of f(x) = x 3 + x + 1 over F 2.
List of mathematical series. This list of mathematical series contains formulae for finite and infinite sums. It can be used in conjunction with other tools for evaluating sums. is a Bernoulli polynomial. is an Euler number. is the Riemann zeta function. is the gamma function. is a polygamma function. is a polylogarithm.
In mathematics, a multiplicative inverse or reciprocal for a number x, denoted by 1/ x or x−1, is a number which when multiplied by x yields the multiplicative identity, 1. The multiplicative inverse of a fraction a / b is b / a. For the multiplicative inverse of a real number, divide 1 by the number. For example, the reciprocal of 5 is one ...
Let E be the curve y 2 = x 3 + x + 1 over . To count points on E, we make a list of the possible values of x, then of the quadratic residues of x mod 5 (for lookup purpose only), then of x 3 + x + 1 mod 5, then of y of x 3 + x + 1 mod 5. This yields the points on E.
In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, an addition of infinitely many quantities, one after the other. [1] The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis. Series are used in most areas of mathematics, even for studying finite structures (such as in combinatorics) through generating functions.
For example, 3 5 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 = 243. The base 3 appears 5 times in the multiplication, because the exponent is 5. Here, 243 is the 5th power of 3, or 3 raised to the 5th power. The word "raised" is usually omitted, and sometimes "power" as well, so 3 5 can be simply read "3 to the 5th", or "3 to