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Over 14,000 Jews were expelled by the Ottoman military commander from the Jaffa area in 1914–1915, due to suspicions they were subjects of Russia, an enemy, or Zionists wishing to detach Palestine from the Ottoman Empire, [191] and when the entire population, including Muslims, of both Jaffa and Tel Aviv was subject to an expulsion order in ...
Various Jewish communities were among the peoples who came under Muslim rule with the spread of Islam, which began in the early 7th century in the time of Muhammad and the early Muslim conquests. Under Islamic rule, Jews, along with Christians and certain other pre-Islamic monotheistic religious groups, were given the status of dhimmi ( Arabic ...
A series of laws were passed that discriminated against Jews and Judaism, and Jews were persecuted by both the church and the authorities. [69] Many Jews had emigrated to flourishing Diaspora communities, [70] while locally there was both Christian immigration and local conversion. By the middle of the 5th century, there was a Christian majority.
European Jews were commonly considered an "Oriental" people in many of their host countries, usually as reference to their ancestral origins in the Middle East. A prominent example of this was the 18th-century Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant, who referred to European Jews as "Palestinians living among us." [10] [11]
Between 636 and 640, the Muslim armies of the second Islamic caliph Umar conquered Palestine. [178] [lxxiv] [lxxv] Under Islamic rule, Christians, Jews and Samaritans were protected as fellow Abrahamic monotheists or "peoples of the Book" and allowed to practice their religions in peace. [210]
In 1927, Ben-Zvi documented an entire street in Hebron inhabited by Muslims who were thought to be of Jewish ancestry. Forced to convert to Islam against their will several generations earlier, possibly around 150 years prior, they were known as the al-muḥtasibīn (المختاسبين), meaning "those who give their law to heaven".
Jews were allowed to Return to Zion, with Cyrus II of the Achaemenid Empire's permission. 520: The Prophecy of Zechariah: 520: Zerubbabel guides the initial group of Jews returning from captivity to Jerusalem 516: The Second Temple in Jerusalem is consecrated, symbolizing the restoration of Jewish worship after the Babylonian exile. Model of ...
Because Jews were seen as "People of the Book", they were allowed to practice their own religion, but they had an inferior status in an Islamic society. [32] Even though Jews in the Middle East and North Africa formed strong attachments to the areas in which they lived, [ 33 ] they were seen as a community which was clearly distinct from other ...