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January 26 – The Ranger 3 space probe is launched to study the Moon, but later misses it by 22,000 miles.; February 4–5 – During a new moon and total solar eclipse, an extremely rare grand conjunction of the classical planets occurs, including all five of the naked-eye planets plus the Sun and Moon, all within 16° of each another on the ecliptic.
University of Minnesota has a Ph.D. program in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine as well as undergraduate courses in these fields. [60] University of Oklahoma has an undergraduate minor and a graduate degree program in History of Science. [61] University of Pennsylvania has a program in History and Sociology of Science. [62]
The history of science is often seen as a linear story of progress [27] but historians have come to see the story as more complex. [28] [29] [30] Alfred Edward Taylor has characterised lean periods in the advance of scientific discovery as "periodical bankruptcies of science". [31] Science is a human activity, and scientific contributions have ...
British Journal for History of Science 20, 4, 1987, pp. 453–473. Robert Boyle: a study in science and Christian belief, University Press of America, 1997 ISBN 0-7618-0708-X; This work is important but [originally] in Dutch. It has been used as evidence by some scholars advancing the Protestantism-and-the-rise-of-science thesis.
There are many examples in the history of science in which confidence in the established frame of thought was eventually vindicated. Kuhn cites, as an example, that Alexis Clairaut , in 1750, was able to account accurately for the precession of the Moon's orbit using Newtonian theory, after sixty years of failed attempts. [ 15 ]
In 1977 Brush became a Fellow of the American Physical Society, [4] and in 1981 he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. [5]Brush received the 1977 Pfizer Award from the History of Science Society for an outstanding book on the history of science in English in the past three years for his 1976 book, The Kind of Motion We Call Heat.
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The George Sarton Medal is the History of Science Society's most prestigious award, given annually since 1955 to honor an outstanding historian of science for lifetime scholarly achievement. Sarton was the founder of the society and of its journals Isis and Osiris .