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In the mid-to-late-1950s, atactic polypropylene (APP) was a by-product of the synthesis of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) using first and early second generation Ziegler–Natta catalysts (Z-N catalysts), which typically produced about 10-15 wt% of APP.
Atactic polypropylene has lower density, melting point and softening temperature than the crystalline types and is tacky and rubber-like at room temperature. It is a colorless, cloudy material and can be used between −15 and +120 °C. Atactic polypropylene is used as a sealant, as an insulating material for automobiles and as an additive to ...
The concept of stereoregularity in polymer chains is illustrated in the picture on the left with polypropylene. Stereoregular poly(1-alkene) can be isotactic or syndiotactic depending on the relative orientation of the alkyl groups in polymer chains consisting of units −[CH 2 −CHR]−, like the CH 3 groups in the figure.
Atactic polymers such as polystyrene are technologically very important. [ citation needed ] If a special catalyst [ clarification needed ] is used in its synthesis, it is possible to obtain the syndiotactic version of this polymer, but most industrial polystyrene produced is atactic.
For example, atactic polypropylene is usually amorphous and transparent while syndiotactic polypropylene, which has crystallinity ~50%, is opaque. [30] Crystallinity also affects dyeing of polymers: crystalline polymers are more difficult to stain than amorphous ones because the dye molecules penetrate through amorphous regions with greater ease.
If PP and PE are the dominant component of a TPO blend then the rubber fraction will be dispersed into a continuous matrix of "crystalline" polypropylene. If the fraction of rubber is greater than 40% phase inversion may be possible when the blend cools, resulting in an amorphous continuous phase, and a crystalline dispersed phase.
Polypropylene: PP: Resistant to acids and alkalies, High tensile strength: Auto parts, industrial fibers, food containers, liner in bags, dishware and as a wrapping material for textiles and food Polystyrene (thermocole) PS: Thermal insulator. Properties depends on the form, expanded form is tough and rigid: Petri dishes, CD case, plastic cutlery
Figure 22: Chain transfer from polypropylene to backbone of another polypropylene. Effects of chain transfer: The most obvious effect of chain transfer is a decrease in the polymer chain length. If the rate of transfer is much larger than the rate of propagation, then very small polymers are formed with chain lengths of 2-5 repeating units ...
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