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  2. Kirchhoff's circuit laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws

    The current entering any junction is equal to the current leaving that junction. i 2 + i 3 = i 1 + i 4. This law, also called Kirchhoff's first law, or Kirchhoff's junction rule, states that, for any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node; or equivalently:

  3. Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff's_law_of_thermal...

    This yields Kirchhoff's law: α λ = ε λ {\displaystyle \alpha _{\lambda }=\varepsilon _{\lambda }} By a similar, but more complicated argument, it can be shown that, since black-body radiation is equal in every direction (isotropic), the emissivity and the absorptivity, if they happen to be dependent on direction, must again be equal for any ...

  4. Kirchhoff's laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff's_laws

    Kirchhoff's laws, named after Gustav Kirchhoff, may refer to: Kirchhoff's circuit laws in electrical engineering; Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation; Kirchhoff equations in fluid dynamics; Kirchhoff's three laws of spectroscopy; Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry; Kirchhoff's theorem about the number of spanning trees in a graph

  5. Gustav Kirchhoff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff

    Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (German: [ˈgʊs.taf ˈkɪʁçhɔf]; 12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German physicist, chemist and mathematican who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects.

  6. Pipe network analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_network_analysis

    At any junction, the total flow into a junction equals the total flow out of that junction (law of conservation of mass, or continuity law, or Kirchhoff's first law) Between any two junctions, the head loss is independent of the path taken (law of conservation of energy, or Kirchhoff's second law).

  7. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics

    The first established thermodynamic principle, which eventually became the second law of thermodynamics, was formulated by Sadi Carnot in 1824 in his book Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire. By 1860, as formalized in the works of scientists such as Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson , what are now known as the first and second laws were ...

  8. Stefan–Boltzmann law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan–Boltzmann_law

    The law can be derived by considering a small flat black body surface radiating out into a half-sphere. This derivation uses spherical coordinates, with θ as the zenith angle and φ as the azimuthal angle; and the small flat blackbody surface lies on the xy-plane, where θ = π / 2.

  9. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

    The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions.A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter (or 'downhill' in terms of the temperature gradient).