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The criteria of "minimal manipulation" are variative in different countries. European regulations, according to the Reflection Paper on the classification of advanced therapy medicinal products of the European Medicines Agency, define "minimal manipulation" as the procedure that does not change biological characteristics and functions of cells. [5]
Some DNA viruses encode a recombinase that facilitates homologous recombination. A well-studied example is the UvsX recombinase encoded by bacteriophage T4. [10] UvsX is homologous to bacterial RecA. UvsX, like RecA, can facilitate the assimilation of linear single-stranded DNA into an homologous DNA duplex to produce a D-loop.
[1] [2] [3] Enzymes known as site-specific recombinases (SSRs) perform rearrangements of DNA segments by recognizing and binding to short, specific DNA sequences (sites), at which they cleave the DNA backbone, exchange the two DNA helices involved, and rejoin the DNA strands. In some cases the presence of a recombinase enzyme and the ...
Site-specific recombination is, thus, the enzyme-mediated cleavage and ligation of two defined deoxynucleotide sequences. A number of conserved site-specific recombination systems have been described in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In general, these systems use one or more proteins and act on unique asymmetric DNA sequences.
When no homologous template is available or when the template cannot be accessed due to a defect in homologous recombination, the break is repaired via TMEJ in the S and G 2 phases of the cell cycle. In contrast to homologous recombination and TMEJ, NHEJ is predominant in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle, when the cell is growing but not yet ...
Homologous recombination, which takes place during meiosis in eukaryotes, is essential for the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks and promotes genetic variation by allowing the movement of genetic information during chromosomal crossing. Homologous recombination, a key DNA repair mechanism in bacteria, enables the insertion of genetic ...
The break gets repaired by cellular DNA repair enzymes, creating a small insertion/deletion type mutation in most cases. Targeted DNA repair is possible by providing a donor DNA template that represents the desired change and that is (sometimes) used for double-strand break repair by homologous recombination.
The two pathways for homologous recombination in eukaryotes, showing the formation and resolution of Holliday junctions. The Holliday junction is a key intermediate in homologous recombination, a biological process that increases genetic diversity by shifting genes between two chromosomes, as well as site-specific recombination events involving integrases.