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Modulation bandwidths extending into the gigahertz range are possible with the use of laser-controlled modulators. The electro-optic effect describes two phenomena, the change of absorption and the change in the refractive index of a material, resulting from the application of a DC or an electric field with much lower frequency than the optical ...
An electro-optic modulator is a device which can be used for controlling the power, phase or polarization of a laser beam with an electrical control signal. It typically contains one or two Pockels cells , and possibly additional optical elements such as polarizers.
The refractive modulators are named by the respective effect: i.e. electrooptic modulators, acousto-optic modulators etc. The effect of a refractive modulator of any of the types mentioned above is to change the phase of a light beam. The phase modulation can be converted into amplitude modulation using an interferometer or directional coupler.
An optical module is a typically hot-pluggable optical transceiver used in high-bandwidth data communications applications. Optical modules typically have an electrical interface on the side that connects to the inside of the system and an optical interface on the side that connects to the outside world through a fiber optic cable.
This modulated signal can be used for time-resolved electric field measurements when a crystal is exposed to an unknown electric field. [7] [8] Pockels cells are used as a Q-switch to generate short, high-intensity laser pulse. The Pockels cell prevents optical amplification by introducing a polarization dependent loss in the laser cavity.
Here, the Q-switch is an externally controlled variable attenuator. This may be a mechanical device such as a shutter, chopper wheel, or spinning mirror/prism placed inside the cavity, or (more commonly) it may be some form of modulator such as an acousto–optic device, a magneto-optic effect device or an electro-optic device – a Pockels cell or Kerr cell.
There are developments in MEMs phased arrays [9] and other electro-optic spatial light modulators that could be envisaged in the future to be applicable to telecom switching and wavelength processing, perhaps bringing faster switching or having an advantage in simplicity of optical design through polarisation-independent operation. For example ...
An optical cross-connect (OXC) is a device used by telecommunications carriers to switch high-speed optical signals in a fiber optic network, such as an optical mesh network. In the 1980s, when transmission speeds supported by optical fibers increased from 45 Mbit/s to 2.5 Gbit/s , carrier networks developed and introduced digital cross ...
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