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2. Additive inverse - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_inverse

   In a vector space, the additive inverse −v (often called the opposite vector of v) has the same magnitude as v and but the opposite direction. [11] In modular arithmetic, the modular additive inverse of x is the number a such that a + x ≡ 0 (mod n) and always exists. For example, the inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 8, as 3 + 8 ≡ 0 (mod 11). [12]

3. Opposite ring - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_ring

   There are 4 different non-self-opposite rings out of the total number of 50 rings with unity [7] having 16 elements (37 [8] commutative and 13 [5] noncommutative). [6] They can be coupled in two pairs of rings opposite to each other in a pair, and necessarily with the same additive group, since an antiisomorphism of rings is an isomorphism of ...

4. Parity (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)

   Even and odd numbers have opposite parities, e.g., 22 (even number) and 13 (odd number) have opposite parities. In particular, the parity of zero is even. [2] Any two consecutive integers have opposite parity. A number (i.e., integer) expressed in the decimal numeral system is even or odd according to whether its last digit is even or odd. That ...

5. Inverse element - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_element

   In mathematics, the concept of an inverse element generalises the concepts of opposite (−x) and reciprocal (1/x) of numbers.. Given an operation denoted here ∗, and an identity element denoted e, if x ∗ y = e, one says that x is a left inverse of y, and that y is a right inverse of x.

6. Module (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)

   Modules of this type are called free and if R has invariant basis number (e.g. any commutative ring or field) the number n is then the rank of the free module. If M n ( R ) is the ring of n × n matrices over a ring R , M is an M n ( R )-module, and e i is the n × n matrix with 1 in the ( i , i ) -entry (and zeros elsewhere), then e i M is an ...

7. Field (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)

   Informally, a field is a set, along with two operations defined on that set: an addition operation written as a + b, and a multiplication operation written as a ⋅ b, both of which behave similarly as they behave for rational numbers and real numbers, including the existence of an additive inverse −a for all elements a, and of a multiplicative inverse b −1 for every nonzero element b.