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Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. [1] It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. [2] In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out. [3]
Dysuria refers to painful or uncomfortable urination. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is one of a constellation of irritative bladder symptoms (also sometimes referred to as lower urinary tract symptoms), which includes nocturia and urinary frequency .
Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder (cystitis) or urethra while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney (pyelonephritis). [10] Symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include suprapubic pain, painful urination ( dysuria ), frequency and urgency of urination despite having an empty bladder. [ 1 ]
Excessive urination that’s not due to copious water or beverage consumption can have multiple causes, including overactive bladder syndrome, diabetes, a urinary tract infection or medications ...
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) [16] Diagnosis. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) can be used to gauge the symptoms, along with physician examination.
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), previously known as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, is long-term pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) without evidence of a bacterial infection. [3] It affects about 2–6% of men. [3] Together with IC/BPS, it makes up urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS). [4]
Urethral strictures most commonly result from injury, urethral instrumentation, infection, non-infectious inflammatory conditions of the urethra, and after prior hypospadias surgery. Less common causes include congenital urethral strictures and those resulting from malignancy.
In this sense, the most likely cause of NSU is a chlamydia infection. However, the term NSU is sometimes distinguished and used to mean that both gonorrhea and chlamydia have been ruled out. [ 6 ] Thus, depending on the sense, chlamydia can either be the most likely cause or have been ruled out, and frequently detected organisms are Ureaplasma ...