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Giemsa stained Trypanosoma parasites (Chagas disease pathogen) Whirling disease section stained with Giemsa stain. Giemsa stain (/ ˈ ɡ iː m z ə /), named after German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa, is a nucleic acid stain used in cytogenetics and for the histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites.
Whole blood with microfilaria worm, giemsa stain. L. loa worms have a simple structure consisting of a head (which lacks lips), a body, and a blunt tail. The outer body of the worm is composed of a cuticle with three main layers made up of collagen and other compounds which aid in protecting the nematodes while they are inside the digestive system of their host.
The blood sample can be a thick smear, stained with Giemsa or haematoxylin and eosin. For increased sensitivity , concentration techniques can be used. These include centrifugation of the blood sample lyzed in 2% formalin (Knott's technique), or filtration through a nucleopore membrane .
Filariasis is usually diagnosed by identifying microfilariae on Giemsa stained, thin and thick blood film smears, using the "gold standard" known as the finger prick test. The finger prick test draws blood from the capillaries of the finger tip; larger veins can be used for blood extraction, but strict windows of the time of day must be observed.
Leishmania tropica is a flagellate parasite and the cause of anthroponotic [dubious – discuss] cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. [2] This parasite is restricted to Afro-Eurasia and is a common cause of infection in Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, Yemen, Algeria, Morocco, and northern India. [3]
Blood smears are usually stained with haematoxylin or Giemsa to visualize the worms under the microscope. [5] Diagnosticians must not rely entirely on blood samples, since microfilariae have also been detected in the skin. Ultrasound may be used to detect the presence of the adult worms.
Symptoms of the acute phase include swelling, fever, fatigue, and diarrhea. The chronic phase causes digestive problems, constipation, heart failure, and pain in the abdomen. [citation needed] Diagnostic methods include microscopic examination, serology, or the isolation of the parasite by inoculating blood into a guinea pig, mouse, or rat.
The definitive diagnostic test is the identification of parasites on a Giemsa-stained thin-film blood smear. [ 13 ] So-called "Maltese cross formations" on the blood film are diagnostic ( pathognomonic ) of babesiosis since they are not seen in malaria, the primary differential diagnosis. [ 11 ]
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