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For referential integrity to hold in a relational database, any column in a base table that is declared a foreign key can only contain either null values or values from a parent table's primary key or a candidate key. [2] In other words, when a foreign key value is used it must reference a valid, existing primary key in the parent table.
If the last name is larger than 10 letters, using the SUBSTR function [9] we change the last_name column value to an abbreviation. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER phone_book_insert BEFORE INSERT ON phone_book FOR EACH ROW WHEN ( LENGTH ( new . last_name ) > 10 ) BEGIN : new . last_name : = SUBSTR (: new . last_name , 0 , 1 ); END ;
A common criticism is that SQLite's type system lacks the data integrity mechanism provided by statically typed columns, although it can be emulated with constraints like CHECK (typeof (x) = 'integer'). [10] Strict tables were added in version 3.37.1. [22] Tables normally include a hidden rowid index column, which gives faster access. [24]
Most database management systems restrict check constraints to a single row, with access to constants and deterministic functions, but not to data in other tables, or to data invisible to the current transaction because of transaction isolation. Such constraints are not truly table check constraints but rather row check constraints.
In relational databases, the information schema (information_schema) is an ANSI-standard set of read-only views that provide information about all of the tables, views, columns, and procedures in a database. [1] It can be used as a source of the information that some databases make available through non-standard commands, such as:
For example, a database that represents company contact information might have the following columns: ID, Company Name, Address Line 1, Address Line 2, City, and Postal Code. More formally, a row is a tuple containing a specific value for each column, [ 4 ] for example: (1234, 'Big Company Inc.', '123 East Example Street', '456 West Example ...
The query retrieves all rows from the Book table in which the price column contains a value greater than 100.00. The result is sorted in ascending order by title. The asterisk (*) in the select list indicates that all columns of the Book table should be included in the result set.
However, in some database systems, it is allowed to use correlated subqueries while joining in the FROM clause, referencing the tables listed before the join using a specified keyword, producing a number of rows in the correlated subquery and joining it to the table on the left.