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  2. Lapis lazuli - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_Lazuli

    Lapis lazuli (UK: / ˌ l æ p ɪ s ˈ l æ z (j) ʊ l i, ˈ l æ ʒ ʊ-,-ˌ l i /; US: / ˈ l æ z (j) ə l i, ˈ l æ ʒ ə-,-ˌ l i /), or lapis for short, is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.

  3. Sapphire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire

    The Greek term for sapphire quite likely was instead used to refer to lapis lazuli. [72] During the Medieval Ages, European lapidaries came to refer to blue corundum crystal by "sapphire", a derivative of the Latin word for blue: sapphirus. [74] The sapphire is the traditional gift for a 45th wedding anniversary. [75]

  4. Moonstone (gemstone) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)

    The name moonstone derives from the stone's characteristic visual effect, called adularescence (or schiller), which produces a milky, bluish interior light. This effect is caused by light diffraction through alternating layers of orthoclase and albite within the stone.

  5. Jewellery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery

    Headdress decorated with golden leaves; 2600–2400 BC; gold, lapis lazuli and carnelian; length: 38.5 centimetres (15.2 in); from the Royal Cemetery at Ur; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) By approximately 5,000 years ago, jewellery-making had become a significant craft in the cities of Mesopotamia.

  6. Gemstones in the Bible - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstones_in_the_Bible

    The ancients also referred to lapis-lazuli as sapphire, which is likewise a blue stone, often speckled with shining pyrites giving it the appearance of being sprinkled with gold dust. It is composed of silica, alumina, and alkali and is an opaque substance easily engraved. Debate still continues as to which stone is precisely referred to in the ...

  7. Egyptian blue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_blue

    The term for it in the Egyptian language is ḫsbḏ-ỉrjt (khesbedj irtiu), which referred to artificial lapis lazuli (ḫsbḏ). [5] It was used in antiquity as a blue pigment to color a variety of different media such as stone, wood, plaster, papyrus, and canvas, and in the production of numerous objects, including cylinder seals, beads ...

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  9. Blue in culture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_in_culture

    Lapis lazuli, a semi-precious stone, has been mined in Afghanistan for more than three thousand years, and was exported to all parts of the ancient world. [9] Blue glazed faience ornaments have been found to have been produced during 4th millennium Indus Valley civilization (present day India and Pakistan). [10]

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