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The end-bulb of Krause or bulboid corpuscle detects temperatures above body temperature. Ruffini's end organ detects temperatures below body temperature. TRPV1 is a heat-activated channel that acts as a small heat detecting thermometer in the membrane which begins the polarization of the neural fiber when exposed to changes in temperature.
These stimuli are monitored closely by receptors and sensors in different parts of the body. These sensors are mechanoreceptors , chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors that, respectively, respond to pressure or stretching, chemical changes, or temperature changes.
A tonic receptor is is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus [29] and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus. [30] In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus. Some tonic receptors are permanently active and indicate a background level.
The stimulus modality for vision is light; the human eye is able to access only a limited section of the electromagnetic spectrum, between 380 and 760 nanometres. [3] Specific inhibitory responses that take place in the visual cortex help create a visual focus on a specific point rather than the entire surrounding.
Sensory organs are organs that sense and transduce stimuli. Humans have various sensory organs (i.e. eyes, ears, skin, nose, and mouth) that correspond to a respective visual system (sense of vision), auditory system (sense of hearing), somatosensory system (sense of touch), olfactory system (sense of smell), and gustatory system (sense of taste).
The neural pathways that go to the brain are structured such that information about the location of the physical stimulus is preserved. In this way, neighboring neurons in the somatosensory cortex represent nearby locations on the skin or in the body, creating a map or sensory homunculus.
When a mechanoreceptor receives a stimulus, it begins to fire impulses or action potentials at an elevated frequency (the stronger the stimulus, the higher the frequency). The cell, however, will soon "adapt" to a constant or static stimulus, and the pulses will subside to a normal rate.
The carotid body functions as a sensor: it responds to a stimulus, primarily O 2 partial pressure, which is detected by the type I (glomus) cells, and triggers an action potential through the afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which relays the information to the central nervous system.