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Dydrogesterone, sold under the brand name Duphaston among others, [1] is a progestin medication which is used for a variety of indications, including threatened or recurrent miscarriage during pregnancy, dysfunctional bleeding, infertility due to luteal insufficiency, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, secondary amenorrhea, irregular cycles, premenstrual syndrome, and as a component of menopausal ...
High doses of norethisterone and noretynodrel have been associated with estrogenic side effects such as breast enlargement in women and gynecomastia in men, but also with alleviation of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. [252] In contrast, non-estrogenic progestins were not found to be associated with such effects. [252]
The average user reports 16 days of bleeding or spotting in the first month of use, but this diminishes to about four days at 12 months. [51] [52] Cramping and pain: many women feel discomfort or pain during and immediately after insertion. Some women may have cramping for the first 1–2 weeks after insertion. [53]
The first drugs reported to cause fetal masculinization were the androgens methandriol and methyltestosterone in the mid-1950s. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] On June 21, 1976, the FDA approved the androgen danazol (Danocrine), a derivative of ethisterone , for treatment of endometriosis, with a warning that its use in pregnancy is contraindicated because of the ...
Estradiol/dydrogesterone (E2/DYD), sold under the brand name Femoston among others, is a combination of estradiol (E2), an estrogen, and dydrogesterone (DYD), a progestin, which is used in menopausal hormone therapy, specifically to treat and prevent hot flashes and osteoporosis, in postmenopausal women.
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[13] [17] In addition, progesterone is an agonist of the more recently discovered membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs), [18] of which the expression has regulation effects in reproduction function (oocyte maturation, labor, and sperm motility) and cancer although additional research is required to further define the roles. [19]
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