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Economic inequality is an umbrella term for a) income inequality or distribution of income (how the total sum of money paid to people is distributed among them), b) wealth inequality or distribution of wealth (how the total sum of wealth owned by people is distributed among the owners), and c) consumption inequality (how the total sum of money spent by people is distributed among the spenders).
Buildings in Rio de Janeiro, demonstrating economic inequality. Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, [1] a lower population-wide satisfaction and happiness [2] [3] and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption. [4]
Jared Bernstein wrote, "If less of the economy's market-generated growth – i.e., before taxes and transfers kick in – ends up in the lower reaches of the income scale, either there will be more poverty for any given level of GDP growth, or there will have to be a lot more transfers to offset inequality's poverty-inducing impact." The ...
In general, economic growth and happiness growth tend to go together. Some countries, in some periods, experience economic growth without increasing happiness. The Easterlin paradox is a finding in happiness economics formulated in 1974 by Richard Easterlin , then professor of economics at the University of Pennsylvania , and the first ...
Human life has several aspects: social, religious, economic and political—but economics is concerned only with the economic aspect of life. Promotion of welfare is the ultimate goal, but the term welfare is used in a narrow sense to meet material welfare only. [2]
Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living. Poverty can have diverse environmental, legal, social, economic, and political causes and effects. [1]
The World Bank has regularly failed to live up to its own policies for protecting people harmed by projects it finances. The World Bank and its private-sector lending arm, the International Finance Corp., have financed governments and companies accused of human rights violations such as rape, murder and torture.
Roberto Perotti showed that in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, developed by Galor and Zeira, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, while lower level of human capital is associated with lower levels of economic growth. [6]