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Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite.Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons) and carbon content.
Lignite is mined all around the world and is used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation. Lignite combustion produces less heat for the amount of carbon dioxide and sulfur released than other ranks of coal. As a result, lignite is the most harmful coal to human health. [3]
Refined coal is the product of the coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite (brown) coals, raising their calorific values. [1]
Coal tar is produced through thermal destruction of coal.Its composition varies with the process and type of coal used – lignite, bituminous or anthracite. [13]Coal tar is a mixture of approximately 10,000 chemicals, of which only about 50% have been identified.
The retort used for the Karrick process based on the Nevada–Texas–Utah Retort, used for the shale oil extraction. [2] In 1935, a Karrick LTC pilot plant was constructed in the coal research laboratory at the University of Utah. [3] Commercial-size processing plants were operated during the 1930s in Colorado, Utah and Ohio.
Montan wax, also known as lignite wax or OP wax, is a hard wax obtained by solvent extraction of certain types of lignite or brown coal. [1] Commercially viable deposits exist in only a few locations, including Amsdorf, Germany, and in the Ione Basin near Ione, California. High-graded lignite wax are also found in Yunnan and Jilin, China.
Because East German industry urgently needed coke after the Second World War and the anthracite coal traditionally used for its production was found for the most part in western Germany, the two process engineers Erich Rammler and Georg Bilkenroth began researching and developing a metallurgical high-temperature lignite coke in 1949.
Lignite is a soft, brownish-black coal that has the lowest energy content of any type of coal. It is also very dirty when burned. [31] Lignite coal. According to the Lignite Energy Council about 79 percent of lignite coal is used to generate electricity, 13.5 percent to generate synthetic natural gas, and 7.