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Kraft lignin from black liquor, which is produced in much higher amounts, may be processed into sulfonated lignin. The lignin is first precipitated by acidifying the liquor with CO 2 then washed (other methods for isolation exist). Reaction with sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite and an aldehyde under a basic environment completes sulfonation.
Lignin was first mentioned in 1813 by the Swiss botanist A. P. de Candolle, who described it as a fibrous, tasteless material, insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in weak alkaline solutions, and which can be precipitated from solution using acid. [3] He named the substance "lignine", which is derived from the Latin word lignum, [4 ...
The black liquor is an aqueous suspension of lignin residues, hemicellulose, and the inorganic chemicals used in the process. The black liquor comprises 15% solids by weight of which two thirds are organic chemicals and the remainder are inorganic. [3] Normally the organics in black liquor are 40-45% soaps, [4] 35-45% lignin and 10-15% other ...
For water-soluble polyphenols, molecular weights between 500 and 3000 were reported to be required for protein precipitation. However, smaller molecules might still have astringent qualities likely due to the formation of unprecipitated complexes with proteins or cross-linking of proteins with simple phenols that have 1,2-dihydroxy or 1,2,3 ...
The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH) than in a chemical pulping process since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP).
The kraft process involves treatment of wood chips with a hot mixture of water, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium sulfide (Na 2 S), known as white liquor, that breaks the bonds that link lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The technology entails several steps, both mechanical and chemical. It is the dominant method for producing paper.
Lindsay Clancy, the Massachusetts mother accused of strangling her three young children to death before attempting to kill herself, is seeking an insanity defense, court records show.
The results produce fibers that are screened and bleached for paper products. At these conditions, the lignin is dissolved in organic solvent and hemicelluloses are used to produce more organic solvent. Organic solvents are collected by separating water from the cooking liquor and then the lignin is precipitated by adding water, heat, and ...
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