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Portal frame is a construction technique where vertical supports are connected to horizontal beams or trusses via fixed joints with designed-in moment-resisting capacity. [1] The result is wide spans and open floors.
Historically, roof pitch was designated in two other ways: A ratio of the ridge height to the width of the building (span) [6] and as a ratio of the rafter length to the width of the building. [7] Commonly used roof pitches were given names such as: Greek: the ridge height is 1 ⁄ 9 to 1 ⁄ 7 the span (an angle of 12.5° to 16°);
The resulting flitched beam was then secured with resin and bolts, preserving appearance while providing strength. Flitch beams were used as columns in a two-story new construction. Glulam beams were used to support the second floor and the roof. This allowed the appearance of wooden columns, while providing the necessary strength.
Glulam brace with plates used for connections Glulam frame of a roof structure. Glued laminated timber, commonly referred to as glulam, is a type of structural engineered wood product constituted by layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis.
The purlins are the large beams perpendicular to the rafters; from this shot, it appears that there are three purlins on either side of the roof. The sheathing boards are sometimes called the roof deck and are painted white. A purlin (or historically purline, purloyne, purling, perling) is a longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof.
The deflection at any point, , along the span of a center loaded simply supported beam can be calculated using: [1] = for The special case of elastic deflection at the midpoint C of a beam, loaded at its center, supported by two simple supports is then given by: [ 1 ] δ C = F L 3 48 E I {\displaystyle \delta _{C}={\frac {FL^{3}}{48EI}}} where
In civil engineering, clearance refers to the difference between the loading gauge and the structure gauge in the case of railroad cars or trams, or the difference between the size of any vehicle and the width/height of doors, the width/height of an overpass or the diameter of a tunnel as well as the air draft under a bridge, the width of a lock or diameter of a tunnel in the case of watercraft.
Cross hipped: The result of joining two or more hip roof sections together, forming a T or L shape for the simplest forms, or any number of more complex shapes. Satari: A Swedish variant on the monitor roof; a double hip roof with a short vertical wall usually with small windows, popular from the 17th century on formal buildings.