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From the multiplication tables, the square root of the mantissa must be 8 point something because a is between 8×8 = 64 and 9×9 = 81, so k is 8; something is the decimal representation of R. The fraction R is 75 − k 2 = 11, the numerator, and 81 − k 2 = 17, the denominator. 11/17 is a little less than 12/18 = 2/3 = .67, so guess .66 (it's ...
The square root of a positive integer is the product of the roots of its prime factors, because the square root of a product is the product of the square roots of the factors. Since p 2 k = p k , {\textstyle {\sqrt {p^{2k}}}=p^{k},} only roots of those primes having an odd power in the factorization are necessary.
A root of degree 2 is called a square root and a root of degree 3, a cube root. Roots of higher degree are referred by using ordinal numbers, as in fourth root, twentieth root, etc. The computation of an n th root is a root extraction. For example, 3 is a square root of 9, since 3 2 = 9, and −3 is also a square root of 9, since (−3) 2 = 9.
The traditional pen-and-paper algorithm for computing the square root is based on working from higher digit places to lower, and as each new digit pick the largest that will still yield a square . If stopping after the one's place, the result computed will be the integer square root.
The Tonelli–Shanks algorithm (referred to by Shanks as the RESSOL algorithm) is used in modular arithmetic to solve for r in a congruence of the form r 2 ≡ n (mod p), where p is a prime: that is, to find a square root of n modulo p.
CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer), Volder's algorithm, Digit-by-digit method, Circular CORDIC (Jack E. Volder), [1] [2] Linear CORDIC, Hyperbolic CORDIC (John Stephen Walther), [3] [4] and Generalized Hyperbolic CORDIC (GH CORDIC) (Yuanyong Luo et al.), [5] [6] is a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, square roots ...
The principal square root of a real positive semidefinite matrix is real. [3] The principal square root of a positive definite matrix is positive definite; more generally, the rank of the principal square root of A is the same as the rank of A. [3] The operation of taking the principal square root is continuous on this set of matrices. [4]
Before continuing to the roots of (), it might be necessary to numerically improve the accuracy of the root approximations for (), for instance by Newton's method. Graeffe's method works best for polynomials with simple real roots, though it can be adapted for polynomials with complex roots and coefficients, and roots with higher multiplicity.