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Invented by Harold Grossman [53] for the Empire Pencil Company in 1967, plastic pencils were subsequently improved upon by Arthur D. Little for Empire from 1969 through the early 1970s; the plastic pencil was commercialised by Empire as the "EPCON" Pencil. These pencils were co-extruded, extruding a plasticised graphite mix within a wood ...
During the 1860s, people typically wrote with quill pens and ink even though Dixon introduced graphite pencils in 1829. But the American Civil War created a demand for a dry, clean, portable writing instrument and led to the mass production of pencils. At the time of Dixon's death in 1869, the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company was the largest ...
Nicolas-Jacques Conté (French pronunciation: [nikɔla ʒak kɔ̃te]; 4 August 1755 – 6 December 1805) was a French inventor of the modern pencil. [1]He was born at Saint-Céneri-près-Sées (now Aunou-sur-Orne) in Normandy and distinguished himself for his mechanical genius, which was of great avail to the French army in Egypt.
From the 16th century, all pencils were made with leads of English natural graphite, but modern pencil lead is most commonly a mix of powdered graphite and clay; it was invented by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795. [58] [59] It is chemically unrelated to the metal lead, whose ores had a similar appearance, hence the continuation of the name.
In 1810, he invented an artificial pumice and years later, a version of stoneware which was used to make mortars, funnels, and other utensils. A flexible, unbreakable blackboard was also produced. In 1792, Hardtmuth established a pencil factory in Vienna after he succeeded in creating an artificial graphite pencil by mixing powdered graphite ...
The mechanical pencil (1822); the rights were sold to Sampson Mordan and Gabriel Riddle. [38] Trifocal corrective eyeglass lenses, patented in 1827, also coining the name "bifocal" for the dual focal length lenses invented by Benjamin Franklin [39] [40] Sugar refining, by the method of Edward Charles Howard for whom he had worked. [41]
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They were invented in 1795 by Nicolas-Jacques Conté, who created the combination of clay and graphite in response to the shortage of graphite caused by the Napoleonic Wars (when the British naval blockade of France prevented import).