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  2. Biological carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_carbon_fixation

    The majority of the fixation occurs in terrestrial environments, especially the tropics. The gross amount of carbon dioxide fixed is much larger since approximately 40% is consumed by respiration following photosynthesis. [6] [7] Historically, it is estimated that approximately 2×10 11 billion tons of carbon has been fixed since the origin of ...

  3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_2

    The MT-CO2 gene encodes for the second subunit of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. MT-CO2 is one of the three subunits which are responsible for the formation of the functional core of the cytochrome c oxidase.

  4. C4 carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation

    A: Mesophyll cell B: Chloroplast C: Vascular tissue D: Bundle sheath cell E: Stoma F: Vascular tissue 1. CO 2 is fixed to produce a four-carbon molecule (malate or aspartate). 2. The molecule exits the cell and enters the bundle sheath cells. 3. It is then broken down into CO 2 and pyruvate. CO 2 enters the Calvin cycle to produce carbohydrates. 4.

  5. Translation (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)

    Regulation of translation can impact the global rate of protein synthesis which is closely coupled to the metabolic and proliferative state of a cell. To study this process, scientists have used a wide variety of methods such as structural biology, analytical chemistry (mass-spectrometry based), imaging of reporter mRNA translation (in which ...

  6. Cellular respiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

    From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes. Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ...

  7. Photorespiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorespiration

    This ability to avoid photorespiration makes these plants more hardy than other plants in dry and hot environments, wherein stomata are closed and internal carbon dioxide levels are low. Under these conditions, photorespiration does occur in C 4 plants, but at a much lower level compared with C 3 plants in the same conditions.

  8. Chloride shift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_shift

    In response to the decrease in intracellular pCO 2, more CO 2 passively diffuses into the cell. Cell membranes are generally impermeable to charged ions (i.e. H +, HCO 3 −) but RBCs are able to exchange bicarbonate for chloride using the anion exchanger protein Band 3. Thus, the rise in intracellular bicarbonate leads to bicarbonate export ...

  9. Carbaminohemoglobin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbaminohemoglobin

    When carbon dioxide is transported from the tissues, it is produced as a waste product of a set of reactions known as cellular metabolism. Most importantly, the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin plays a part in the buffering of blood pH by preventing the drop of pH due to the production of carbonic acid. [6]