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A router in a local area network (LAN) of a single organization is called an interior router. A router that is operated in the Internet backbone is described as exterior router. While a router that connects a LAN with the Internet or a wide area network (WAN) is called a border router, or gateway router. [24]
P4 is a programming language for controlling packet forwarding planes in networking devices, such as routers and switches. In contrast to a general purpose language such as C or Python , P4 is a domain-specific language with a number of constructs optimized for network data forwarding .
Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks.The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line interface.
In order to achieve a successful transfer of data, the algorithm uses a routing table to select a next-hop router as the next destination for a datagram. The IP address of the selected router is known as the next-hop address. [1] The IP forwarding algorithm states: [2] Given a destination IP address, D, and network prefix, N:
Within any network enabled device (e.g. router, switch, network element or terminal such as a computer or smartphone) it is the packet processing subsystem that manages the traversal of the multi-layered network or protocol stack from the lower, physical and network layers all the way through to the application layer.
Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet; data packets are forwarded through the networks of the internet from router to router until they reach their destination computer. Routing algorithms determine the specific choice of route. Each router has a prior knowledge only of networks attached to it directly.
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The use of open-source software in these separated architectures traces its roots to the Ethane project at Stanford's computer science department. Ethane's simple switch design led to the creation of OpenFlow, [11] and an API for OpenFlow was first created in 2008. [12] In that same year, NOX, an operating system for networks, was created. [13]