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Refractory materials are classified into three types based on fusion temperature (melting point). Normal refractories have a fusion temperature of 1580–1780 °C (e.g. fire clay) High refractories have a fusion temperature of 1780–2000 °C (e.g. chromite) Super refractories have a fusion temperature of > 2000 °C (e.g. zirconia)
In Middle and South Europe, grog is used to create fire-resistant chamotte type bricks and mortar for construction of fireplaces, old-style and industrial furnaces, and as component of high temperature application sealants and adhesives. A typical example of domestic use is a pizza stone made from chamotte. Because the stone can absorb heat ...
Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a type of refractory ceramics that can withstand extremely high temperatures without degrading, often above 2,000 °C. [1] They also often have high thermal conductivities and are highly resistant to thermal shock, meaning they can withstand sudden and extreme changes in temperature without cracking or breaking.
The strength and high-temperature stability of refractory metals make them suitable for hot metalworking applications and for vacuum furnace technology. Many special applications exploit these properties: for example, tungsten lamp filaments operate at temperatures up to 3073 K, and molybdenum furnace windings withstand 2273 K.
The European Commission funded a research project, C 3 HARME, under the NMP-19-2015 call of Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development in 2016-2020 for the design, manufacturing and testing of a new class of ultra-refractory ceramic matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide fibers and Carbon fibers suitable for applications in severe aerospace environments.
A typical refractory will be capable of maintaining a temperature drop of 1000 °C (1,800 °F) or more between its hot and cold faces. The shell temperature needs to be maintained below around 350 °C (662 °F) to protect the steel from damage, and continuous infrared scanners are used to give early warning of "hot-spots" indicative of ...
Exfoliated vermiculite can be combined with high alumina (also known as calcium aluminate) cements and other aggregates such as expanded shale, clay, and slate or sodium silicate to produce refractory/insulation concretes and mortars. In the early days of their use, these products were batched at or very close to the place of installation.
In the making of firebrick, fire clay is fired in the kiln until it is partly vitrified.For special purposes, the brick may also be glazed. There are two standard sizes of fire brick: 9 in × 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in × 3 in (229 mm × 114 mm × 76 mm) and 9 in × 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in × 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (229 mm × 114 mm × 64 mm). [2]