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  2. Religious responses to the problem of evil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_responses_to_the...

    The ancient Egyptian religion, according to Roland Enmarch, potentially absolved their gods from any blame for evil, and used a negative cosmology and the negative concept of human nature to explain evil. [114] Further, the Pharaoh was seen as an agent of the gods and his actions as a king were aimed to prevent evil and curb evilness in human ...

  3. Problem of Hell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_Hell

    In Islam, Jahannam (hell) is the final destiny and place of punishment in Afterlife for those guilty of disbelief and (according to some interpretations) evil doing in their lives on earth. [34] Hell is regarded as necessary for Allah 's (God's) divine justice and justified by God's absolute sovereignty, and an "integral part of Islamic ...

  4. Problem of evil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_evil

    The problem of evil is generally formulated in two forms: the logical problem of evil and the evidential problem of evil. The logical form of the argument tries to show a logical impossibility in the coexistence of a god and evil, [2] [9] while the evidential form tries to show that given the evil in the world, it is improbable that there is an ...

  5. Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga's_free-will...

    The logical argument from evil argued by J. L. Mackie, and to which the free-will defense responds, is an argument against the existence of God based on the idea that a logical contradiction exists between four theological tenets often attributes to God. Specifically, the argument from evil asserts that the following set of propositions are, by ...

  6. Criticism of the Quran - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran

    Micheal Cook believes Muhammad "owed more to Judiasm than to Christianity", [168] and mentions a "fusion" of Jewish-based "monotheism with Arab identity" in Palestine prior to Islam. According to a fifth-century Christian writer — Sozomen — some "Saracen" (Arab) tribes rediscovered their "Ishmaelite descent" [ 169 ] after coming into ...

  7. Criticism of Christianity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity

    Jewish theologians often considered Christianity to be a form of idolatry due to its doctrines of the Trinity (which teaches that God is more than one person) and the incarnation (which teaches that God became man); notably, the famous medieval Jewish writer Maimonides considered Christianity to be a form of polytheism. [3]

  8. Islamic ethics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_ethics

    The Quran commands every human being, in all spheres of life, to "command the good and forbid evil", as spelled out by Muhammad. Another key factor in the field of Islamic ethics is the belief (as described in the Qur'an) that all mankind has been granted the faculty to discern God's will ( fitrah ), and thus the moral responsibility to submit ...

  9. Jahannam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahannam

    The importance of Hell in Islamic doctrine is that it is an essential element of the Day of Judgment, which is one of the six articles of faith (belief in God, the angels, books, prophets, Day of Resurrection, and decree) "by which the Muslim faith is traditionally defined."