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In addition to the absolute pass-through that uses incremental values (i.e., $2 cost shock causing $1 increase in price yields a 50% pass-through rate), some researchers use pass-through elasticity, where the ratio is calculated based on percentage change of price and cost (for example, with elasticity of 0.5, a 2% increase in cost yields a 1% increase in price).
Suppose that the US imports widgets from the UK. The widgets cost $10 and £1 costs $1. Then the British Pound appreciates against the dollar and now £1 costs $1.50. Also suppose that the widgets now cost $12.5 There has been a 50% change in the exchange rate and a 25% change in price. The exchange rate pass-through is
In economics, a transaction cost is a cost incurred when making an economic trade when participating in a market. [1]The idea that transactions form the basis of economic thinking was introduced by the institutional economist John R. Commons in 1931.
The economics surrounding a single patent, or group of patents, revolves around the balance between the expense of maintaining the patent(s), and the income derived from owning that/those patents. [7] Similarly the economics of whether to seek a patent present similar concerns with the added up-front costs of obtaining the patent.
Contract theory in economics began with 1991 Nobel Laureate Ronald H. Coase's 1937 article "The Nature of the Firm". Coase notes that "the longer the duration of a contract regarding the supply of goods or services due to the difficulty of forecasting, then the less likely and less appropriate it is for the buyer to specify what the other party should do."
Law and economics, or economic analysis of law, is the application of microeconomic theory to the analysis of law. The field emerged in the United States during the early 1960s, primarily from the work of scholars from the Chicago school of economics such as Aaron Director , George Stigler , and Ronald Coase .
Increases in mandatory spending related to rising health care costs are projected to result in a continued upward trend despite these reductions. Some budget and social policy experts are worried that cuts in entitlement spending may compromise their goals: the economic security of the elderly and the poor. [3]
Cost-shifting is a situation where one group of payers overpays costs for a good or a service for another group, which in total pays less than the first one. This problem originates in hospitals. They need to pay for treatment and staff performing it. Hospitals need to balance their costs and incomes.