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The non-orientable genus, demigenus, or Euler genus of a connected, non-orientable closed surface is a positive integer representing the number of cross-caps attached to a sphere. Alternatively, it can be defined for a closed surface in terms of the Euler characteristic χ, via the relationship χ = 2 − k , where k is the non-orientable genus.
As examples, a genus zero surface (without boundary) is the two-sphere while a genus one surface (without boundary) is the ordinary torus. The surfaces of higher genus are sometimes called n-holed tori (or, rarely, n-fold tori). The terms double torus and triple torus are also occasionally used.
In mathematics, a genus g surface (also known as a g-torus or g-holed torus) is a surface formed by the connected sum of g distinct tori: the interior of a disk is removed from each of g distinct tori and the boundaries of the g many disks are identified (glued together), forming a g-torus. The genus of such a surface is g. A genus g surface is ...
In the case of genus one, a fundamental convex polygon is sought for the action by translation of Λ = Z a ⊕ Z b on R 2 = C where a and b are linearly independent over R. (After performing a real linear transformation on R 2, it can be assumed if necessary that Λ = Z 2 = Z + Z i; for a genus one Riemann surface it can be taken to have the form Λ = Z 2 = Z + Z ω, with Im ω > 0.)
A g-holed toroid can be seen as approximating the surface of a torus having a topological genus, g, of 1 or greater. The Euler characteristic χ of a g holed toroid is 2(1-g). [2] The torus is an example of a toroid, which is the surface of a doughnut. Doughnuts are an example of a solid torus created by rotating a disk, and are not toroids.
Mapping tori of surface homeomorphisms play a key role in the theory of 3-manifolds and have been intensely studied. If S is a closed surface of genus g ≥ 2 and if f is a self-homeomorphism of S , the mapping torus M f is a closed 3-manifold that fibers over the circle with fiber S .
Torus, a key-management startup offering one-click logins for the decentralized web, launched out of beta Thursday with a handful of big-name hosting partners. Torus Launches to Bring One-Click ...
The Dyck map is a regular map of 12 octagons on a genus-3 surface. Its underlying graph, the Dyck graph, can also form a regular map of 16 hexagons in a torus. The following is a complete list of regular maps in surfaces of positive Euler characteristic, χ: the sphere and the projective plane. [2]
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