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Ahargana - The Astronomy of the Hindu Calendar Explains the various calendric elements of the Hindu calendar by means of astronomical simulations created using Stellarium. drikPanchang, an online Hindu almanac (IAST: pañcāṅga). Stellarium, the astronomy software that was used to create the animations featured in this article.
The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since Vedic times, and remain in use by the Hindus all over the world, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Vedic calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars .
The Vikram Samvat calendar, introduced about the 12th century, counts from 56 to 57 BCE. The "Saka Era", used in some Hindu calendars and in the Indian national calendar, has its epoch near the vernal equinox of year 78. The Saptarishi calendar traditionally has its epoch at 3076 BCE. [21] J.A.B. van Buitenen (2008) reports on the calendars in ...
It stands to reason that during the original naming of these months—whenever that happened—they were indeed based on the nakshatras that coincided with them in some manner. The modern Indian national calendar is a solar calendar, much like the Gregorian calendar wherein solstices and equinoxes fall on the same date(s) every year.
However, if the date is given in some other calendar, say the pre-modern Saka calendar, then the compuatation of the corresponding kali ahargana is indeed very complicated. The texts of classical Indian astronomy spend a lot of energy in explaining elaborately the procedure for the computation of kali ahargana.
The Surya Siddhanta is one of several astronomy-related Hindu texts. It represents a functional system that made reasonably accurate predictions. [14] [15] [16] The text was influential on the solar year computations of the luni-solar Hindu calendar. [17] The text was translated into Arabic and was influential in medieval Islamic geography. [18]
The nirayana system is a traditional Indian system of calendrical computations in which the phenomenon of precession of equinoxes is not taken into consideration. [1] In Indian astronomy, the precession of equinoxes is called ayana-calana which literally means shifting of the solstices and so nirayana is nir- + ayana meaning without ayana. [2]
The traditional Indian calendar is based on lunar positions, Sankranti is a solar event. The date of Makar Sankranti remains constant over a long term, 14 January or occasionally, 15 January as the Sun begins to rise in Makara Râshi. Mesha Sankranti: Marks the beginning of the New Year in the traditional Hindu Solar Calendar.