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The Last Slave Ships: New York and the End of the Middle Passage. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300247336. Oltman, Adele (November 5, 2007). "The Hidden History of Slavery in New York". The Nation. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019; Lydon, James G. (April 1978). "New York and the Slave Trade, 1700-1774".
More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South, which had a surplus of labor, and taken to the Deep South in a forced migration, splitting up many families. New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation. [9] [10]
Between 1812 and 1850, it was considered by the slave states to be politically imperative that the number of free states not exceed the number of slave states, so new states were admitted in slave–free pairs. There were, nonetheless, some slaves in most free states up to the 1840 census, and the Fugitive Slave Clause of the U.S. Constitution ...
By 1819 there were exactly 11 free and 11 slave states, which increased sectionalism. Fears of an imbalance in Congress led to the 1820 Missouri Compromise that required states to be admitted to the union in pairs, one slave and one free. [60] In 1831, a rebellion occurred under the leadership of Nat Turner, that lasted four days. During the ...
The 1840 census lists one slave held in York County, and slavery had ended by 1850. ... in the lives of Black people in York County. There would be others: in the race riots-torn 1960s, for ...
The Northern textile mills in New York and New England processed Southern cotton and manufactured clothes to outfit slaves. By 1822, half of New York City's exports were related to cotton. [111] Slaveholders began to refer to slavery as the "peculiar institution" to differentiate it from other examples of forced labor. They justified it as less ...
Years after the program ended, one of its former directors described it as “legalized slavery” in an interview with the Dallas Morning News. “They were so fearful of being away from their ...
This wave of migration often resulted in overcrowding of urban areas due to exclusionary housing policies meant to keep African-American families out of developing suburbs. For example, in the New York and northern New Jersey suburbs 67,000 mortgages were insured by the G.I. Bill, but fewer than 100 were taken out by non-whites. [33] [34]