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Traction can also refer to the maximum tractive force between a body and a surface, as limited by available friction; when this is the case, traction is often expressed as the ratio of the maximum tractive force to the normal force and is termed the coefficient of traction (similar to coefficient of friction).
Maximum tractive effort is defined as the highest tractive force that can be generated under any condition that is not injurious to the vehicle or machine. In most cases, maximum tractive effort is developed at low speed and may be the same as the starting tractive effort. Continuous tractive effort
Tractive effort/force Power Notes Image 2ЭС10 with 2ЭС10С unit: Russian Railways — Ural Locomotives: 2014–present Electric 3×Bo'Bo' 300 tonnes (331 short tons) 264,375 pounds-force (1,176 kN) 17,701 horsepower (13,200 kW) 1-hour rating Three sections modification of 2ES10. 4ЭС5К : Russian Railways — Novocherkassk Electric ...
This force depends on a number of variables and is of crucial importance for the energy efficiency of the vehicle as it is proportional to the locomotive power consumption. [1] For the speed of the vehicle to remain the same, the locomotive must express the proper tractive force, otherwise the speed of the vehicle will change until this ...
In GvK diagram, the x-axis is the vehicle velocity, and the y-axis is the dimensionless specific resistance.The same kind of vehicle may have multiple different operating velocities, with different corresponding specific resistances, consequently each kind of vehicle generally correspond to a whole region on the GvK diagram, but only the lower-edge of the region is plotted, since specific ...
Drawbar pull is the difference between tractive effort available and tractive effort required to overcome resistance at a specified speed. Drawbar pull data for a vehicle is usually determined by measuring the amount of available tractive force using a dynamometer, and then combining that data with coastdown [1] data to obtain the available ...
The metabolic cost of transport includes the basal metabolic cost of maintaining bodily function, and so goes to infinity as speed goes to zero. [1] A human achieves the lowest cost of transport when walking at about 6 kilometres per hour (3.7 mph), at which speed a person of 70 kilograms (150 lb) has a metabolic rate of about 450 watts. [1]
is the normal force, the force perpendicular to the surface on which the wheel is rolling. is the force needed to push (or tow) a wheeled vehicle forward (at constant speed on a level surface, or zero grade, with zero air resistance) per unit force of weight. It is assumed that all wheels are the same and bear identical weight.