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A 3D cell culture is an artificially created environment in which biological cells are permitted to grow or interact with their surroundings in all three dimensions. Unlike 2D environments (e.g. a Petri dish), a 3D cell culture allows cells in vitro to grow in all directions, similar to how they would in vivo. [1]
CompuCell3D can model several different phenomena, including avian limb development, in vitro capillary development, adhesion-driven cell sorting, Dictyostelium discoideum, and fluid flows. The binaries and source code, as well as documentation and examples, are available at the CompuCell3D Website
The intestine is a highly complex organ system performing a diverse set of vital tasks, from nutrient digestion and absorption, hormone secretion, and immunological processes to neuronal activity, [2] which makes it particularly challenging to model in vitro.
It provides an in vitro model of the tissue in a well defined environment which can be easily manipulated and analysed. In animal tissue culture, cells may be grown as two-dimensional monolayers (conventional culture) or within fibrous scaffolds or gels to attain more naturalistic three-dimensional tissue-like structures (3D culture).
Different models of 3D printing tissue and organs. Three dimensional (3D) bioprinting is the use of 3D printing–like techniques to combine cells, growth factors, bio-inks, and biomaterials to fabricate functional structures that were traditionally used for tissue engineering applications but in recent times have seen increased interest in other applications such as biosensing, and ...
Biofabricated organs such as livers have been used as in vitro models to test and treat specific liver diseases due to their increased mimicry in physiological conditions. [18] Current liver models are limited to smaller tissue slices due to the increasing complexity of printing a larger liver construct.
The chemical structure of DNA is insufficient to understand the complexity of the 3D structures of DNA. In contrast, animated molecular models allow one to visually explore the three-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. The DNA model shown (far right) is a space-filling, or CPK, model of the DNA double helix. Animated molecular models, such as ...
Increasing the complexity of in vitro systems to reproduce tissues and interactions between them (as in "human on chip" systems) [40] Using mathematical modeling to numerically simulate the behavior of the complex system, where the in vitro data provide model parameter values [41]