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  2. On shell and off shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_shell_and_off_shell

    This is an example of an equation that holds off shell, since it is true for any fields configuration regardless of whether it respects the equations of motion (in this case, the Euler–Lagrange equation given above). However, we can derive an on shell equation by simply substituting the Euler–Lagrange equation:

  3. Translational symmetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_symmetry

    For translational invariant functions : it is () = (+).The Lebesgue measure is an example for such a function.. In physics and mathematics, continuous translational symmetry is the invariance of a system of equations under any translation (without rotation).

  4. Solitary wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_wave

    The solitary wave (water waves) or wave of translation, as observed by John Scott Russell in 1834, the prototype for a soliton. A soliton, a generalization of the wave of translation to general systems of partial differential equations

  5. Translation of axes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_of_axes

    For example, if the xy-system is translated a distance h to the right and a distance k upward, then P will appear to have been translated a distance h to the left and a distance k downward in the x'y'-system . A translation of axes in more than two dimensions is defined similarly. [3] A translation of axes is a rigid transformation, but not a ...

  6. Glossary of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula.

  7. Time-translation symmetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry

    Time-translation symmetry is a rigorous way to formulate the idea that the laws of physics are the same throughout history. Time-translation symmetry is closely connected, via Noether's theorem, to conservation of energy. [1] In mathematics, the set of all time translations on a given system form a Lie group.

  8. IBM alignment models - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_alignment_models

    The original work on statistical machine translation at IBM proposed five models, and a model 6 was proposed later. The sequence of the six models can be summarized as: Model 1: lexical translation; Model 2: additional absolute alignment model; Model 3: extra fertility model; Model 4: added relative alignment model; Model 5: fixed deficiency ...

  9. Translation operator (quantum mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_operator...

    Further, the Hamiltonian operator also commutes with the infinitesimal translation operator [^, ^] = [^, ^] = ^ = [^, ^] = In summary, whenever the Hamiltonian for a system remains invariant under continuous translation, then the system has conservation of momentum, meaning that the expectation value of the momentum operator remains constant.